Behind the Barrel: An Update on the Origins of Israel’s Fuel Supply

Behind the Barrel: An Update on the Origins of Israel’s Fuel Supply

Behind the Barrel: An Update on the Origins of Israel’s Fuel Supply, details the global fuel shipments that fuel Israel’s genocide in Gaza. The report tracks over 21 million tonnes of crude oil and refined fuels delivered to Israel between November 2023 and October 2025, including jet fuel used for military aircrafts. The data shows that Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, and the United States were among the largest suppliers of oil and refined products during this period. While direct shipments from Brazil appeared to end in early 2024, evidence suggests that Brazilian crude may have continued reaching Israel indirectly via Italy’s Sarroch refinery in Sardinia.

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Key findings:

• Twenty-five countries delivered 323 shipments of crude oil and refined products to Israel, totaling 21.2 million tonnes.
• Azerbaijan (via Turkey) and Kazakhstan (via Russia) supplied around 70% of crude oil.
• Russia was the largest supplier of refined fuels, accounting for nearly half of total refined products.
• The United States was the only supplier of JP-8 military jet fuel used by Israeli military aircrafts.
• Other crude suppliers included Brazil, Gabon, and Nigeria.
• Refined fuels also came from Greece, Italy, and Cyprus.

Some countries continued to ship fossil fuels to Israel even after the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that Israel’s actions are unlawful, and a UN Commission concluded that Israel has committed genocide in Gaza. By supporting Israeli military operations that have killed more than 67,000 Palestinians, including over 20,000 children, states risk becoming complicit in genocide under international law under the Genocide Convention. As world leaders convene at COP30, Behind the Barrel reveals the deadly links between fossil fuel suppliers and international conflict.

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